World War II continues to capture the imagination like no other conflict in history. A large part of this may well be because it is the most recent traditional war – as popularly imagined. While any number of large-scale conflicts have arisen since then, none have been “traditional” as World War II has been. Most wars are between generally unequal powers. After all, no one bothers fighting unless they think they can win – or are forced to.

However, in World War II, though it started out as the usual big-power-attacks-small-power conflict, big powers – the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union – soon joined in and the conflict expanded worldwide almost overnight. Thus World War II was the kind of war we all know and even “love” – a “set-piece” conflict with a real good versus evil theme.

For most wars are over trifling matters; a hill here, a river there. World War II was literally a cultural war, where not only territory was at stake but the very nature of civilization itself, the form it would take for the next several decades or, even, as envisioned by Adolf Hitler, centuries. WWII’s case involved the most amount of nations which had 2 military operating alliances, the Allies and the Axis, which began at the beginning of September 1939 with an unseen invasion by Poland.

This was the most widespread battle throughout history, with over 100 million personnel mobilized. It was the only war which contributed global saturation by use of deadly nuclear weapons that have also changed the face of this earth. Not to mention the brutal actions against civilians known as the Holocaust. It has the highest number of fatalities of over 50-75 million casualties. This battle was mostly for power rather than the unconditional relief of another. The United Nations was then instructed and practically developed for the sake of international cooperation to prevent another war. But as the superpowers emerged as rivals, cooperation soon transformed into “The Cold War”, which was later resumed by U.S.A. and the USSR for the next 46 years.

It was a war to determine the way of life that should exist in Europe, and by extension as the world’s center of geopolitical gravity at the time, the whole planet. Another factor accounting for the enduring appeal of World War II is the personalities of its leading antagonists. Although Japan(Hirohito) and China(Chiang Kai-Shek) were already at war since the beginning of 1937, the support which lost the naval battle against the US, Franklin D. Roosevelt, reluctantly made the invasion on Home Islands imminent and had also lost their chance to expand towards East Asia.

Adolf lost as well just about the same time the Japanese naval battle was lost, except Berlin was to encounter the final attack by Joseph Stalin and the Soviets. The Soviets then took over Berlin which consequently sent an unconditional surrender letter by the SS Germans in May 1945, which was also the conclusion of the life-long battle of World War II. As soon as this was settled, the aforementioned superpowers were at their own war with weapons ready to fire at one another. The European colonies recovered economically as well as the decolonization of Asia and Africa. The battles were bloody and fatal, the weapons showed no mercy, but the outcome was the greatest feeling to have ever attained by the allies, victory lead towards a new beginning.

There was Winston Churchill, an imperialist leading the charge against Hitler in the name of “freedom;” there was Roosevelt, a blue-blood with especially democratic beliefs allied with the imperialist Churchill and a totalitarian dictator no better than Hitler, Iosef Stalin of the Soviet Union, whose own anti-Semitic views and actions were simply overlooked. Then there was the gangster-king Chiang Kai-Shek in China and his equally brutal nemesis Mao Tse Tung, battling for control of one-fifth of humanity against the also-brutal cabal of military nationalists in Japan.

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Only 10 years after scientists triumphantly decoded the human genome, an international research team has mapped the genes of the long-extinct Neanderthal people and report there’s a little bit of Neanderthal in all of us.

The remarkable finding could answer a question that has been hotly debated among anthropologists for decades: whether our human ancestors and the Neanderthals interbred some time after both species left Africa many thousands of years ago.

The report, published today in the journal Science, capped more than five years of intensive work by a group of 56 international scientists led by German paleogeneticist Svante Pääbo and Richard E. Green of UC Santa Cruz.

Edward M. “Eddy” Rubin, director of the Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute in Walnut Creek, called the major project “a terrific piece of work and a monumental endeavor,”

The project’s scientists used tiny specks of powdered bone retrieved from three Neanderthal females who died in a Croatian cave more than 40,000 years ago to complete the draft of the Neanderthal genome. They then compared the genes to those of modern humans living today in five different regions of the world: France, Papua New Guinea, China, and southern and northern Africa.

The major conclusions

Among their conclusions:

– Humans living today carry between 1 and 4 percent of Neanderthal genes that carry the code for proteins in our bodies.

– Those genes must have entered our lineage sometime during a 50,000-year period when the Neanderthals and humans left Africa through the Middle East and spread throughout Europe and Asia. The Neanderthals became extinct about 30,000 years ago.

– The complete genomes of the Neanderthals and modern humans, whose lineages separated from some unknown common ancestor at least 400,000 years ago, are 99.5 percent identical. They are, in fact, our closest evolutionary relatives. By comparison, humans and chimpanzees share 98 percent of their genes.

The scientists analyzed 4 billion units of Neanderthal DNA, called nucleotides – at least 60 percent of the Neanderthal’s entire genome. While incomplete, Pääbo told reporters during a teleconference this week that 60 percent “is a very good statistical sample of the entire genome.”

Finding the Neanderthal genes in people living today provides “compelling” evidence that thousands of years ago some interbreeding occurred between the two species, Green said.

“The sequencing of Neanderthal genetic material is real gold because we can now compare the Neanderthal genome with our own and pinpoint the genetic changes that have enabled humans to thrive, to spread across the entire globe, and to occupy every ecological niche that exists in the world,” he said.

Key to our differences

Green’s group reported finding at least five genes in modern humans where natural selection apparently gave humans an evolutionary advantage over the Neanderthals. They include genes involved in mental development, in converting food into energy, and in developing the skull, the rib cage, and other parts of the human skeleton.

In some of those genes lie many of the reasons the Neanderthals appear so different from humans despite the similarity of our genomes. Archaeologists have described them as short, beetle-browed, powerfully built, with no chin and large noses. Yet they made sophisticated stone tools and used animal skins for clothing.

Detecting the genes of the Neanderthals, dead so long ago, has been notoriously difficult because their bones have long been overwhelmingly contaminated by microbial infection. But the technology for isolating genetic material from ancient tissue has advanced so swiftly in recent years to make it feasible, Green said.

Pääbo and his colleagues reported isolating the first few snippets of Neanderthal genes only four years ago. At that same time, Rubin and his colleagues at the Genome Institute in Walnut Creek reported sequencing a small group of similar Neanderthal genes using a different technique.

Rubin was not part of the Pääbo team, but after reading the new report, he was impressed.

“It’s the first glimpse of a freeway for us to go back and forth between the Neanderthal genome and ours to study our own evolution,” he said.

However, Richard G. Klein, a noted archaeologist at Stanford who has long worked on the evolution of Neanderthals and humans, has serious reservations about the work. He is known for his research into the fossil record showing how modern humans replaced the Neanderthals throughout Europe thousands of years ago.

The Pääbo group’s report, he said, “contradicts everything we know about the archaeological record. Their evidence is really wobbly and it bothers me a lot. But it’s very important stuff if it’s right – and I really do hope it’s right.”

Erik Trinkaus, an anthropologist at Washington University in St. Louis, who has long argued that Neanderthals contributed to the human genome, welcomed the study, commenting that now researchers “can get on to other things than who was having sex with who in the Pleistocene.”

DNA code

To decode the messages of our genes, Canadian researchers have cropped up with an “Enigma Machine”, which can elucidate details about the small number of genes, which contain the instructions required to build complex organisms like human beings.

Just a little amount of genes can contain directives for a larger number of proteins and structures, with the help of a hidden code in these genes.

“We discovered a hidden code within DNA that living cells use to turn 20,000 genes into hundreds of thousands of genetic messages, by rearranging their parts”, said Brendan Frey, Scientist, University of Toronto.

To analyze DNA messages and to find the “code words” in genome, a computer program has been formed by the scientists from University of Toronto. These code words are named “slicing code”, etymology saying, to splice together diverse parts of the genetic code that contains biological information, and can help to generate a greater number of messages.

A close alliance between the computer scientists and the tentative biologists has helped to ascertain the above fact.

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Creating a family tree can appear to be somewhat overwhelming. Where to begin in sorting through all the information out there to find out just who were our ancestors and where they lived can seem intimidating. Tracing the family tree once use to take actual physical research and today families can use genealogy sites to narrow down their searches.

How To Find Genealogy Websites

Finding genealogy websites is as simple a job as typing in a simple search term in the search engine’s search field. Since there are many genealogy websites to choose from it will take some time to sort through which genealogy websites contain what types of information.

Genealogy websites will also contain valuable information on setting up a family tree. They’ll provide to the consumer techniques on how to begin and what sort of documentation is required to add to the family tree. Many of these sites will also offer consumers links to other genealogy websites that can further assist in their research.

Many genealogy people search websites will give the consumer free information though the information may be limited in the breadth of what it covers. Some of the information they may provide could be death certificates, birth records and census information. Since the depth of the information provided on the free genealogy websites is limited, the consumer may need to join the site for a membership fee to continue the family tree research. A selection of fees are charged by genealogy websites for memberships. Some fees may be a one time fee and others may charge on a monthly or even an annual fee basis.

Comparing Benefits of Membership Genealogy Websites

When looking at the different genealogy websites it’s important to compare the benefits being offered. Will the particular information offered continue to be useful during the research of the family tree? Some sites may only offer specific time period in history and may not be of value to the consumer.

Genealogy websites can often help the consumer learn how to navigate the specifics of a family tree research project. In directing to other sites, and addiding additional resources that can be accessed. Genealogy websites can be most helpful in keeping the ancestor trail going.

Taking the time to compare what each of the genealogy websites has to offer can help when evaluating if the site is right for you. Creating an accurate family tree by using genealogy websites is a great way to get important records that will help in filling the family tree. Each piece of family history information gathered is a help in filling the family tree.

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Our ancestors would marvel at how easily genealogy research can be done today with the click of a mouse! Information that once took years of research to dig up now is found so quickly. In days gone by information was verbally passed down from generation to generation typically relying on memory. When keeping records through writing evolved, myths were some of the first things recorded and stored on these written documents. Ancient ancestors believed they were children of gods and their family history was born from a myth. The earliest genealogy research documents are myths.

Genealogy Research and The Bible

Some of the more famous aspects of genealogy research maybe is written in the Bible. “So and So begat So and So who lived to be 278 and begat so and so….” The famous passages from Genesis and the Gospel are frequently referred to as “The Begats.” The Bible is often looked at as the genealogy research record of Jesus Christ. Nearly all the Old Testament people are somehow related to Jesus.

In wondering why our ancient ancestors bothered with keeping genealogies it more than likely was due to squabbles over inheritances In the times when the King James Bible was comprised (1611) this would have especially been an issue of contention while countries were under divine right monarchies. In these days people who hoped to have an opportunity at all of property ownership or a title needed to prove they were related to the recently deceased owner of the property or title.

The 1900’s

My Aunt Ruth use to take me on genealogy research expeditions with her in the mid 1960’s. In those times it wasn’t possible to do any type of substantial genealogy research unless you went physically to the place that your ancestors had lived and died. Their lives were researched through dusty, faded and quite often illegibly scribbled notes on yellowed, brittle pages in the halls of public records in the town that you thought your ancestors might have once lived in as you searched for any trace of them and their lives.
In the past two of the very best resources of genealogy research were cemeteries and family Bibles. Our ancestors would record all the important family information in the blank pages of their family Bible and pass this book down through the generations. Family Bibles are gems to genealogists as they were recorded by the very people they’re researching.

The next best resource was a cemetery headstone. It was common genealogy research practice to hold a piece of paper over the headstone and rub it with a pencil to more easily read the information and take it back home to add to the other pieces of gathered research.

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One of the goals of family history software, such as family tree software, is to help people in families to motivate their children to learn about their forefathers and the importance of their heritage. One way to introduce children to family history is by having them write their own stories, whether it’s about their life or stories they make up. What follows below is the first part of a story penned by a youth in the family.

The chip was made so you could command a robot with your thoughts. Fred hoped he could convince the people at the meeting to support him. He couldn’t concentrate very well on the paper he was supposed to be reading that would give him more information on what the chip can do. He kept thinking about his mother. They had found a hidden note from his mother saying she had left to her friend’s house and not to worry. The search team had found this an hour ago and they had left with a team of security robots and body guards. Fred had desperately wanted to go and help them get his mother back but he knew his father would refuse.

They flew speedily over a forest by his mansion. They had the newest luxury model UHV. It had speeds up to three hundred miles per hour and over a thousand horse power. That actually isn’t very fast for a UHV. The fastest UHV was a racing UHV that had top speeds of up to five hundred miles an hour. They passed out of the forest and into a slow traffic air path. They heard lots of honking from other cars. They were going pretty fast considering the slow traffic. They had ten security UHVs escorting them to the building. They finally arrived into the city and the air was filled with a lot more UHVs. They flew past abandoned homes in the down town part of the city. They arrived to an area with many tall, new buildings. Every building had security guards at the main doors with laser pistols that were scanning people that wanted to go into the building. They slowed down to a stop and they descended slowly. His butler opened the door and Fred stepped out putting on his laser glasses. He walked into the building with his guards. His glasses showed the status and rank of each employee and person inside the building. Most of them were low rank on the first floor. They walked past the secretary without bothering to ask for an appointment. Everyone knew who he was. He arrived at the elevator and stepped in. There wasn’t enough room for all of his guards so half of them came into the elevator with him.

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Whenever I talk about family history software, I like to mention the fact that stories are one of the best familial and ancestral artifacts to be passed from one generation to the next. It is great when such programs can support such stories, whether it be family tree software or even in family tree diagram. In my previous post, I introduced the start of a story written by my adolescent son. It is a story that his children and grandchildren will be most interested in reading when he is old or passed on. Below continues his story in part 2.

The werewolf pack leader leaped and took Gavin down with both paws. The werewolf pinned Gavin down and howled victoriously. Gavin heard Freeze yell out in pain and suddenly Gavin felt angry. Gavin’s eyes glowed bright green and he shouted out as he thrust his staff forward with his free hand. A jet of energy light shot out into the werewolf’s chest and the werewolf flew backward into a tree, paralyzed. Gavin jumped up and shot energy from his staff plowing through the werewolves. The rest of the pack realized they didn’t stand a chance and ran off defeated. Gavin fell to the ground exhausted and awed by his new power. He had never done magic as powerful and refined as this! Gavin walked over to Freeze and knelt down. He reached for his pack and rummaged through it looking for a medical healing pack. He remembered he left it at home. Gavin slapped his fore head, he needed help fast, but he couldn’t leave his hurt dragon here. The werewolves might come back or some other creatures. That’s when the wizard stepped out of the shadows. “You have great magical power”, the Wizard said slowly. He knelt down to Freeze and pulled a red cloth out of his cloak and put it against the dragon’s wounds.

Gavin still remembered that memory as translucent as water from a few weeks ago. Gavin was twelve years old with red hair and blue eyes. He was average height and a fast runner. They reached the Wizards tower and Freeze dropped to the ground softly a few feet away from the door. Gavin walked up to the door and knocked softly. No answer but Gavin remembered from his last visit that the Wizard hated people knocking more than once. They waited for about thirty minutes before Gavin realized the door was unlocked. He opened the door slowly and peered inside. It was unusually quiet inside his tower. Last time Gavin came it was full of the sound of magic at work. Here it was very quiet and he couldn’t see any lights on. Gavin stepped inside and saw something lying on a table.

An simple techniqe to encourage your little ones to participate in family history is to have them write for things they want. It doesn’t even require family tree software for them to do it. The easiest thing for young ones to write about is simply about what occurred to them that day or that week, or what things they are highly anticipating. Both of these things make for a great family record. What follows below will serve as an example for you because it is actually written by my tweenage son, and is part two in this series.

My mom said they would probably be here in maybe ten to fifteen minutes. My sister went upstairs to grab her jacket because it was kind of cold that day. We went outside and walked around the bushes for a minute. She wanted to hide behind the house in the rocks and I told her it would give us away if she was walking on the rocks.

We got into an argument and I told her just to go inside. She went inside and I kept waiting. They came a few minutes later and they drove up onto the drive way. As they got out I saw my cousin Joey walk over to the bush and crane his neck but then he turned back and headed towards the door. I realized he had probably seen me and I decided it wouldn’t work.

I asked him if he had seen me and he said he had seen something move in the bush. We went inside my house and my Aunt said our house looked great. My Aunt and cousin Joey had not seen my house since they helped us move in. My Aunt said she had her kids waiting in the car so she left. I decided to show Peter and Joey one of my favorite computer games called Roblox first. I got onto my account and showed them my place for my character and the other games you could play. Then I showed them how the currency worked on the game. We decided to watch my sisters and dad play on the Wii. I asked they Peter and Joey if they wanted to go shoot my airsoft gun outside. They said sure and we went upstairs to grab my airsoft shotgun. We went downstairs and outside into the backyard. We decided we each get 4 shots a turn at the card board target. We shot my airsoft gun for a little bit and then on Peter’s second turn we ran out of ammo. I told them I had a pack of two-thousand BBs some where in my room although it was probably closer to fifteen hundred because I had shot a bunch of ammo.

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In this final segment of this series of blog posts on family tree software I am showcasing portions of an amateur novel crafted and written by my pre-teen son, who is an big reader. It would be great if family tree software could encourage such stories. Without further ado, here is part nine:

Colton had always been a little afraid of Gavin and had respected him more after that. Whenever Colton went to far Gavin just glared at him and Colton would stop. Gavin walked into the kitchen and found Amelia cooking. Beatrice was helping her and they looked over at him as he came in.

“How was your lesson with the Wizard?” Amelia asked.
“Well I learned a bit of basic air magic,” he replied.
“That sounds interesting,” She said, Amelia had never really paid any attention or interest in magic.
“Did the Wizard tell you he’s a vampire?” Beatrice asked. Beatrice had always listened to the castle rumors especially when it pertained to the Wizard. Beatrice had also always asked Gavin questions about the Wizard. Gavin always replied no to her somewhat silly questions.
“No, he’s not a vampire. What are we having for supper Amelia?”
“Well I planned on baking some chicken pies but I can’t seem to find Colton to send him to get flour,” She said stirring the pot with a wooden ladle. Gavin knew he was playing in the forest with his friends.
“I’ll go get it for you Amelia,” Gavin asked.
“No I’ve already started making soup so we will have to have that tomorrow.” Gavin went out of the kitchen and headed towards his room. He walked into the room. His room was very small. Gavin only had room for his bed and a wooden box for his spare clothing. Gavin changed out of his dirty clothes. He walked back down the hall and into the kitchen where Amelia was serving the hot soup. Gavin sat down next to Beatrice. He scooped up soup wit ha wooden spoon into his mouth. His eyes watered when he realized it was still burning hot. He could taste chunks of smooth potatoes and soft cooked carrots. He gnawed on delicious chicken and then took another spoonful out of his bowl. He had always enjoyed Amelia’s cooking. On his last spoonful he heard the front door open with a creak and then slam shut. Colton stepped into the kitchen. He was covered with cuts and scratches and he had a black eye.
“What happened to you?” Amelia asked with a surprised look on her face.
“I hate my friends,” was all Colton said. He walked down the hall with a slight limp.
“Honestly the things that boy does…” Amelia trailed off. Gavin set his bowl down by the cooking pot and strapped his short sword onto his belt.

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To continue this series of blog posts on family tree software I am presenting segments of an amateur novel invented and written by my pre-teen son, who is an avid reader. I am trying to demonstrate the point that ancestry legacies do not have to wait for people to get old and pass on. No, you can get your children writing stories that will make for great memoirs later. It would be nice if family tree software could encourage such stories. Without further ado, here is part eight:

Gavin saw the man aim his cross bow with a long, thin arrow pointed up at them. Gavin readied his magic and hoped he could do this. The man fired the arrow with a clunk and Gavin used all his force to stop the arrow from hitting them. The arrow froze in mid air right in front of them almost beautifully. The man in the black cloak stared at it for a second. Then the arrow shattered. Gavin still had things to learn. Freeze sped away leaving the man in the black cloak behind them.

“I see the Wizard has been teaching you magic,” Freeze said as they landed in front of Gavin’s cottage.
“Yes, and it probably saved us back there,” Gavin replied without staring at Freeze. Gavin told Freeze good night and walked towards the house. Freeze trotted over to the stables where his room was. Gavin stepped inside and was greeted by a hug from his little cousin Sally.
“You bring candy?” Sally said hopefully. Gavin smiled down at his baby cousin.
“No I went to see the big Wizard,” Gavin said. Sally frowned and waddled off towards the kitchen. Gavin lived with his Aunt and cousins since he was an orphan. His father was a sailor and had fought in many battles as a warrior before his ship had gotten lost at sea. His mother had gotten sick with grief and had quit eating. His mother left Gavin and her family to go on a search for his father. She left without telling anybody but she left a note to say where she had gone and that her sister Amelia was to take care of Gavin. Amelia was always kind to Gavin and his uncle had shown him how to hunt when Gavin was a young boy. His uncle William has passed away after he became ill. Gavin had three cousins, the oldest Colton, the second oldest Beatrice, and the youngest Sally. Colton had always fought with Gavin and had always wanted to out do him. Gavin had tolerated this at first but eventually got sick of it and he had once tackled Colton to the ground and hit him twice. Gavin was a couple years older than Colton and had more of the advantage.

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In this series of blog posts on family history software I am and written by my pre-teen son, who is a voracious reader. I am trying to illustrate the point that ancestry legacies do not have to wait for people to get old and pass on. No, you can get your children writing stories that will make for great memoirs later. It would be nice if family tree software could encourage such stories. Without further ado, here is part seven:

“Flying long distances makes me tired,” Freeze replied simply. Freeze ran forward and started to flap his wings. He leapt off the ground like a cat and turned around towards the direction of Gavin’s house. He started to pick up speed and Gavin heard the wind whistling through his ears. Gavin slumped forward with a sigh. He always forgot magic makes him tired. But today was a long day, the hunt this morning had taken almost four hours. Gavin turned his head and looked back. The Wizard’s tower was becoming smaller in the distance, a black dot now. Suddenly Freeze curved sharply and Gavin heard something whistle by. “Someone is shooting at us!” Freeze bellowed. Probably some fool trying to make a living off of dragon skin. Probably.

“Go lower, right above the trees!” Gavin yelled against the wind. Freeze swooped lower when Gavin heard a clink. Freeze ducked as another arrow went whistling by. That does not sound like a bow, it is probably a crossbow. Freeze was right above the tree tops now. Gavin heard rustling in the forest and then galloping. Gavin looked down and saw their attacker. He was wearing a black cloak that was covering his face. He was riding a black, huge horse. Gavin saw the glint of silver and he fell forward onto his stomach. He heard the familiar whistle of an arrow. That could have been his neck. This man was a skilled archer, the only reason they hadn’t been hit was Freeze’s quick reaction and speed. They couldn’t keep this up forever. It was time to go onto the offense side.

“Freeze dive into him! We can’t keep dodging these arrows,” he yelled. Freeze drifted for exactly one second, and then he dived. It was such a sharp dive with such force Gavin almost fell of him. Luckily Gavin had squeezed his knees right as Freeze dived. Freeze shot down with the speed of a peregrine falcon into their attacker. Gavin ducked down against the wind. Freeze turned up sharply as his claws dangled down towards the man. This man though was no ordinary man. He fell flat onto his horse with Freeze missing him by inches. He twisted and was now lying on his backshifted and was now laying down on his back.

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