Changing Mind
Sets
Vital registration was largely nonexistent before the twentieth
century. In the previous article on this topic (www.ancestry.com/library/view/news/articles/4097.asp),
we learned that we may need to look for records of substitute events, and to
consider each element (names, date, place, etc.) separately.
Marriage
Substitute events for a marriage include the engagement
(or the old-fashioned betrothal or "promised"), banns, license, permission,
honeymoon, and anniversaries.
Family
Family records for marriage include many of the same
records we mentioned for births: family Bibles, letters, diaries, and newspaper
clippings (often with the date carefully cut off). In modern times, the
newspaper announcement is often of the engagement, rather than the wedding, so
your search needs to predate the event by quite some time. You may find that the
newspaper never mentions the wedding. Instead, there will be a brief item
stating that, "John and Mary Jones have returned from their wedding trip last
week and taken up housekeeping on the old Miller farm." Also look for postcards
sent home by the honeymooners. A too-often neglected source is anniversary
clippings. While many couples got married, fewer survived until their 50th
anniversary. Comb newspapers of the appropriate period. The payoff can be
substantial. My great-aunt and uncle's anniversary was covered with a detailed
description of their elopement half a century earlier and a large photograph of
all family members attending the celebration, named in the caption.
Church
Whether marriage was a function of church or state (or a
mixture of both), it has varied over time and place. If the marriage was
performed by a minister, there may be a surviving record in the church or in the
minister's own book. Many churches, unfortunately, didn't keep formal church
books. To be married, a couple had to be eligible (i.e., single and not
committed to a prior engagement). The church may have been a part of this
process. Look in the men's minutes and women's minutes for Quakers. Banns were
read from the pulpit at specified intervals preceding the marriage in the
Anglican church. Sometimes this is the event we find recorded; other times we
find the entry "married by banns" or "married by license," or the cryptic "B."
or "lic."
Government
Governmental bodies (counties and large cities) were
involved in creating several types of marriage-related records. You should never
cite simply "county marriage records." Always indicate which type of record you
are citing. I did not do this in the past, and it has caused confusion.
-
If a couple was under age, permissions were required. They may be loose papers
or recorded in a book.
- Licenses were usually recorded when they were
issued. In some towns in the twentieth century, the newspaper routinely listed
all marriage licenses issued.
- License returns were recorded when the
signed license was returned to the courthouse. Not all licenses were returned.
This does not mean the marriage didn't happen.
- Some counties recorded the
minister's return verbatim, including whose home the marriage was performed in.
Often, only the minister's return gives the exact date of the marriage.
The other entries simply provide date brackets for it. Unrelated documents
such as pension applications or donation land claims may provide specific
marriage information. A marriage may be documented by its ending. Early divorces
occurred at the colony or state level and are found in legislative actions;
later divorces occurred at the local level, within the court system.
Caveats
Remember that just because a wedding was anticipated,
doesn't mean it happened. Occasionally things changed. However, if you find a
license and the name matches that of the wife, you can assume the marriage took
place. Indicate carefully the source of any date: "John Jones married Margaret
Moore on or after 2 June 1880 (license), but before 1 August, when she was named
as Margaret Jones in her father's will." Sometimes we can't find much specific
evidence for a marriage. You should state what you know: "married probably about
1834 (three children in 1840)." This will help prevent you from making mistakes
later on.
Death
Substitutes for death events include the funeral, the
burial, probates, and other records resulting from the death.
Family
Once again, we have the usual types of family records.
Sympathy cards and letters are often kept together in a bundle. Funeral cards,
especially prevalent in the Midwest, provide much information about the deceased
(often, incidentally, including the birth date). Many families save these cards.
When I began my research, I wrote family members seeking information. Several
sent me their collection of funeral cards. Think of the many elements involved
in the funeral and burial: purchase of a cemetery plot or burial within an
existing plot, digging the grave, preaching the service, ordering and installing
a tombstone. Consider all possibilities. I documented one child of a London
family whose existence is mentioned only in the receipt in the vestry book for
the payment by the father for digging her grave. Needlework samplers may record
births, marriages, and deaths, but in Victorian times art centered around death
became popular. Grief pictures replete with urns, weeping willows, and mourning
survivors might be needlework or preprinted forms. A more gruesome custom (to
modern sensibilities) was taking photographs of the corpse. Mourning jewelry may
be engraved.
Church
The church or minister may have records of the funeral.
Their interest, however, may not have been in the cold genealogical details
computer programs request. In 1753, Heinrich Melchior Muhlenberg devoted several
lengthy paragraphs in his journal to Phillip Beyer's spiritual life, the
community, the funeral service, and a disruption thereto, but said only that
Beyer was "the aged father of a large family." Ministers often recorded only the
name of the deceased, date of the funeral (not the death), and the Bible verse
chosen for the text.
State
Probates are a voluminous topic that range far beyond wills
and administrations. Guardianships, land divisions, and quitclaims are only a
few of the items we commonly use to document death. Quit claims are especially
interesting in that they may silently signal that the mother has died, thereby
releasing her lifetime dower interest in the land. If the deceased was receiving
pension payments, look for information about the cessation of such payments.
This information and possibly the death date may be on the jacket of the pension
file or in a separate log. A recent issue of the "Ancestry Daily News" reprinted
a portion from Laura Szucs Pfeiffer's